Front Office as the Nerve Center of Hotel Industry Free Sample

Question: Why Front Office Nerve Center of Hotel Industry? Answer: An inn's front office is arranged at the front of the lodging and is liable for appointments and deals of lodgings through the precise techniques for reservation, enlistment, and doling out of rooms. The front office can likewise be depicted as an inn's exhibit windowas it mirrors an inn's picture (Ahmad Scott, 2014). A lodging's front office holds essential significance in the perspective on an inn's fundamental nature of business for example selling of rooms. In this way, the front office division is intended to hold, get, allot rooms, and register visitors just as go about as a wellspring of data to visitors during their lodging remain. Other fundamental elements of the front office division incorporate settling a visitor account, arrangement of visitor history card, giving visitor administrations, air terminal get, baggage taking care of, and so on. The front office of a lodging is the Nerve Centerwhere all the messages and data are conveyed to various people and organizations. This article depicts why the front office of a lodging is its operational hub and it starts by clarifying the obligations and significance of the front office staff that makes the division so vital, trailed by the aptitudes required by the group to make the office a triumph. Front Office Staff The staffs of the front office are the association's essential contact with people in general. The staff individuals handle an assortment of undertakings that incorporate reservations, welcoming visitors on appearance, enlisting new visitors, administering keys, overseeing approaching and cordial messages, giving data, tuning in to grievances, taking messages for visitors, and taking care of registration strategies when visitors leave. The front office division may utilize the accompanying work force; front office administrator, right hand front office supervisor, front work area agents, clerks, phone administrator, reservationists, night examiner, watchman administration, attendant, chime chief, and key representative. The obligations of these faculty give the division its significance. The Front Office Manager As depicted by Andrews (2013), the front office supervisor has a wide scope of duties that incorporate keeping up a high-effectiveness level among the front office staff, settling on powerful choices in regards to room assignments and reservation arrangements, and taking care of protests and visitor issues with civility and politeness. Furthermore, the director needs to keep up an open correspondence channel with all other inn offices. The front office director additionally gets ready move assignments and week after week work plans, appoints obligations to staff individuals, and holds intermittent workforce conferences to ensure that staff individuals cling to and comprehend lodging working techniques and strategies. In addition, the chief may likewise prepare and recruit new workers, just as intermittently survey the exhibition of all staff individuals (Prayag Hosany, 2015; Reichel, Fuchs, Pizam, Poria, 2014). Moreover, it is a front office supervisor's obligation to characterize and set reservation arrangements and portions with the objective of guaranteeing there is most extreme room inhabitance. The chief needs to watch visitor appearances, takeoffs, and undoings just as set approaches with respect to unexpected appearances, flake-outs, and over appointments. The front office supervisor likewise manages customers and takes remedial activities with the requirements of extraordinary visitors and when protests or issues emerge. Other visitor correspondences obligations for front office directors may incorporate inviting significant visitors, and giving data on inn offices, administrations, and arrangements (Rao Sahu, 2013). Additionally, the front office supervisor is required to routinely deliberate with the deals and showcasing division for refreshes on potential pinnacle periods, charging game plans, and individual gathering reservations. In addition, the supervisor likewise needs to keep in touch with the bookkeeping division concerning unique charging necessities and issues just as the housekeeping staff on issues about room status. Ultimately, the front office administrator ought to consistently get ready composed reports on the advancement and exercises of the front office for audit by the executives. The Assistant Front Office Manager The associate front office director is answerable for the coordination of front work area tasks. The supervisor may screen installments and visitor accounts and approve extraordinary systems and checks notwithstanding preparing new front office faculty. Besides, the associate front office director may likewise help the front work area staff during top periods. Different obligations of an associate director incorporate getting ready day by day room inhabitance gauges and assessing bookings for the current day (Khairizam, Azmi, Ahmat, 2013). Front Desk Representatives Bonfanti, Vigolo Negri (2016) demonstrate that the front work area delegates convey the lodging's character to visitors more effectively than some other staff part. Front work area agents likewise cause visitors to feel invited and quickly react to issue or grumblings. Notwithstanding working straightforwardly with lodging visitors, the work area specialists have a huge job in allotting rooms just as keeping up the inhabitance to most extreme levels. In addition, the front work area agent checks credit distinguishing proof and approval, confirms reservation data, doles out rooms and administers room keys when lodging visitors show up. The front work area delegate is likewise answerable for informing the ringer chief or bringing a chime specialist to ship the baggage of visitors. Different obligations comprise of giving data about approaches and offices and taking care of solicitations of unique visitors, for example, blessing buys, copies, etc. They may likewise be required to deal with reservation demands or calls, or to guide calls to the switchboard or reservations division. Visitor correspondences obligations incorporate arranging visitor mail, stepping, taking visitors' messages and sending wire or fax reports. At the point when a visitor wishes to leave, the front work area agent calls a chime specialist to move gear to the anteroom, and he/she gets ready and organizes the check of the visitor. Different obligations of the front work area agents incorporate investigating reservations, checking rooms, and speaking with the housekeeping division in regards to room needs and inhabitance figures. The Night Auditor Night inspectors have double jobs which incorporate playing out the obligations related with front work area agents around evening time just as other accounting capacities, for example, getting ready parity reports. The move of a night evaluator as a rule runs for 8hrs from 11 p.m to 7 a.m. When there is slack in the front work area exercises, the night evaluator is entrusted with the duty of following or reviewing the postings of past exchanges trying to confirm their precision. The night reviewer additionally figures the charges acquired by visitors and owed to the inn during the past business day. The complete installments got from visitors during the day are deducted from the lodging's absolute charges to set up the day by day balance which speaks to the sum despite everything owed to the inn for the exchanges of the earlier day (Batini?, 2014). Clerks The essential obligation of a front work area clerk is posting charges, looking at leaving customers, confirming the checks of the visitors and taking care of installments. In certain conditions, the administration may likewise expect clerks to help other front work area staff individuals in the exhibition of their obligations. At certain inns, front work area agents handle the elements of a clerk just as visitor enlistment. However, at some different inns, the front office staff is profoundly particular. Front work area receptionists, for example, might be answerable for welcome showing up visitors, enrolling visitors and checking reservations while clerks are just mindful during registration to get installments (Inkaew, 2016). Besides, the clerk may likewise figure the visitors' charges and present the checks. The front office director as a rule administers the front work area receptionists. In spite of the way that clerks work at the gathering, they are viewed as a major aspect of the bookkeeping division and thusly are overseen by the bookkeeping chief. Plus, the clerk is additionally answerable for the exhibition of other routine front office obligations like organizing room status reports, taking care of visitor correspondences, and arranging messages (Inkaew, 2016; Kim, Knutson, Han, 2015; Lee, Teng, Chen, 2015). Reservationist An inn reservationist is a principal part of activities in an inn. The reservationist gives visitors their initial introduction of the administrations and estimations of a lodging at the booking. Thus, reservations operators must be very much educated, respectful, and instructive. A reservationist's essential obligation is to lease lodgings to visitors. The specialist should likewise vanquish any protests of the visitors. Lodging chiefs are answerable for giving principles so the reservationist operators will know explicitly what to state if the visitors acknowledge or oppose the arrangements. The guidelines may arrive in a content structure that must be uncertainly followed. A reservationist is likewise an individual that stores tickets, occasions or makes arrangements with respect to travel game plans. Reservationists additionally use aptitudes of client support to help individuals. The reservationist operator books tickets, occasions or online courses of action face to face or by telephone. They likewise address the client's issues and delivers client affirmations as well as could be expected. Plus, the reservationists are additionally liable for reaching clients when an end is submitted (Boz, Yilmaz, Arslan, Koc, 2016; Boonpektrakul, 2014). Phone Operator Boonpektrakul (2014) clarifies that a telephone administrator's main obligation is moving of outer calls from the inn to the visitor rooms. Administrators need to achieve this without giving out a lodging's number. Notwithstanding the way that phone administrators may not meet up close and personal with hote

Competitive Advantage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Upper hand - Research Paper Example From the article plainly upper hand is probably going to be accomplished through various roads that incorporate the contribution of predominant quality items or administrations. A portion of these practices include the bringing down of costs just as bringing the endeavors up in the market. An upper hand that is manageable is one that keeps up an ideal situation above others over an extensive stretch of time which is crucial in boosting its picture in the commercial center. Moreover its valuations along with future procuring possibilities are likewise placed into thought. As the conversation stresses upper hand is isolated into two, in particular near favorable position (otherwise called cost advantage) just as differential bit of leeway. Near favorable position is the limit of delivering great items or administrations at lower costs that business rivals. It gives a business firm the inclination to selling products alongside administrations at moderately scaled down costs in contrast with the opposition or creating huge deal edges. Differential preferred position then again is established when the items or administrations of a firm contrast from those of the contenders and are seen as better contrasted with those of the contenders. Associations in high PDs are brought together with solid pecking orders and large holes as far as pay and authority, while low PD places bosses just as representatives are viewed as equivalent. In the previous, it is imperative to recognize authority of pioneers and the last expects one to utilize collaboration.

The Most Popular Hand Gestures

The Most Popular Hand Gestures 5 Famous Hand Gestures Meaning Home›Tips for Students›5 Famous Hand Gestures Meaning Tips for StudentsThere are popular hand gestures that are used by many people daily. At the same time, the roots of these body language signs are still the mystery for many of us. Today we are going to open the secrets of the origins of the most famous hand gestures in human history.Using gestures in daily communicationThe Vulcan SaluteThis gesture became famous after Leonard Nimoy used it in “Star Trek”. Although, the sign is meant to have originated from another planet, its true roots come from Nimoy’s childhood when he saw a Jewish ritual named “kohane blessing” that used a hand gesture that is interpreted as “Almighty (God)”. When Nimoy was asked to create a salutation for Vulcans, he used the Jewish sign as a basis for the famous hand greeting.The Shaka SignThe gesture is also famous as “hang loose” and is closely associated with surf culture and Hawaii. It also has other meanings such as “hello”, “bye-bye”, “good luck”, “take it easy”, etc. One of the theories of its origin states that the sign was first used by Spanish sailors who welcomed the Hawaiian people to share a drink by mimicking, since they did not know the native tongue.Looking where to BUY AN ESSAY?Save your time and money! Use QualityCustomEssays.com professionals service to get an A+ paper Place an order get 15%offfor your first orderThe CornaThis popular hand gesture is also known as “hand horn”. In Spain, this sign symbolizes the horns of the bull. If you take the risk to show this sign to a Spanish man, you may even be beaten. The gesture has a negative meaning and implies that another man is having an affair with the wife of guy to whom it is shown.The Pledge of AllegianceThis hand gesture symbolizes adoration for Old Glory. On the other hand, the sign was different before the World War II and included military signs that were later modified due to their resem blance to Mussolini’s and Hitler’s stiff-armed salutes.The High FiveThe origin of this gesture dates back to the beginning of the 20th century when jazz became highly popular. Black musicians used the sign called “dap” to greet each other. A similar gesture, that later became known as “high five”, was used by basketball players in the late 1970s.It is interesting to find out the origins of your favorite body language tricks. Create your own one and leave a mark in the history of hand gestures!

Must-Reads on Every 12th Grade Reading List

This is a sampling of the titles that often appear on high-school reading lists for 12th-grade students, and are often discussed in greater depth in college literature courses. The books on this list are important introductions to world literature. (And on a more practical and humorous note, you might also want to read these 5 Books You Should Read Before College).   The Odyssey, Homer This epic Greek poem, believed to have originated in  the oral storytelling tradition, is one of the foundations of Western literature. It focuses on the trials of the hero Odysseus, who tries to journey home to Ithaca after the Trojan War. Anna Karenina, Leo Tolstoy The story of Anna Karenina and her ultimately tragic love affair with Count Vronsky was inspired by an episode in which Leo Tolstoy arrived at a railway station shortly after a young woman had committed suicide. She had been the mistress of a neighboring landowner, and the incident stuck in his mind, ultimately serving as the inspiration for a classic story of star-crossed lovers. The Seagull, Anton Chekhov The Seagull by Anton Chekhov is a slice-of-life drama set in the Russian countryside at the end of the 19th century. The cast of characters is dissatisfied with their lives. Some desire love. Some desire success. Some desire artistic genius. No one, however, ever seems to attain happiness. Some critics view  The Seagull  as a tragic play about eternally unhappy people. Others see it as a humorous albeit bitter satire, poking fun at human folly. Candide,  Voltaire Voltaire offers his satirical view of society and nobility in Candide. The novel was published in 1759, and it is often considered the authors most important work, representative of The Enlightenment. A simple-minded young man, Candide is convinced his world is the best of all worlds, but a trip around the world opens his eyes about what he believes to be true. Crime and Punishment, Fyodor Dostoyevsky This novel explores the moral implications of murder, told through the story of Raskolnikov, who decides to murder and rob a pawn broker in St. Petersburg. He reasons the crime is justified.  Crime and Punishment is also a social commentary on the effects of poverty. Cry, the Beloved Country, Alan Paton This novel set in South Africa just before apartheid became institutionalized is a social commentary on the racial inequities and its causes, offering perspectives both from whites and blacks. Beloved, Toni Morrison This Pulitzer Prize-winning novel is the story of the lingering psychological effects of slavery told through the eyes of escaped slave Sethe, who killed her two-year-old daughter rather than allow the child to be recaptured. A mysterious woman known only as Beloved appears to Sethe years later, and Sethe believes her to be the reincarnation of her dead child. An example of magical realism, Beloved explores the bonds between a mother and her children, even in the face of unspeakable evil. Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe Achebes 1958 post-colonial novel tells the story of the Ibo tribe in Nigeria, before and after the British colonized the country. Protagonist Okonkwo is a proud and angry man whose fate is closely tied to the changes that colonialism and Christianity bring to his village. Things Fall Apart, whose title is taken from the William Yeats poem The Second Coming, is one of the first African novels to receive universal critical acclaim. Frankenstein, Mary Shelley Considered one of the first works of science fiction, Mary Shelleys master work is more than just a story of a terrifying monster, but a Gothic novel that tells the tale of a scientist who tries to play God, and then refuses to take responsibility for his creation, leading to tragedy. Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte The coming-of-age story of one of the most remarkable female protagonists in Western literature, Charlotte Brontes heroine was one of the first in English literature to serve as first-person narrator of her own life story. Jane finds love with the enigmatic Rochester, but on her own terms, and only after he has proven himself worthy of her.

Black Mothers By Kendrick Lamar - 1310 Words

Black single mothers have overall negative stereotypes linked to them, their children, and their financial situation. Single black mothers are getting labeled as Gold diggers, lazy, con-artist, non-supportive, emotionally unstable, and uneducated. To make their reputation even worse most of the songs in the Hip Hop community make hypocritical songs that generalize all single black mothers based on their particular experience. Hip Hop narratives such as â€Å"Faith† by Kendrick lamar and â€Å"Baby Mama† by Fantaisa, challenges the race stereotypes about co-parenting. Not all Hip Hop songs reinforce the negative stereotypes about single black mothers. Songs like â€Å"Faith† by Kendrick Lamar is a great song that represents the struggle single mothers go through. For example, the song â€Å"Faith† by Lamar give good examples of a single black mother doing everything she can to not fall victim to the negative stereotypes. The second verse starts out by saying â€Å" Single black parent from Compton raising children of four/That’s four innocent bastards cause Papa, they didn’t know.†(lines 27 and 28) These lyrics give background to the young black mother situation. It is clearly evident that this young mother that Kendrick is familiar with is a single mother of four because the children’s father is an absentee. These lyrics set a distressing tone because having four children that have a father that does not want them is heartbreaking and troubling. The words Lamar uses to describe the children in theShow MoreRelatedThe Blacker The Berry, By Kendrick Lamar1420 Words   |  6 PagesLuther King Jr. who used non-violent protest and Malcolm X who used violent protests. Kendrick Lamar who has had song that are on both sides of the spectrum from his song â€Å"I† which is more like Martin Luther King Jr.’s nonviolent beliefs to â€Å"The Blacker the Berry† which is more like Malcolm X’s thinking of self-hatred. In light of many of these issues along with the fact that racism is still an issue, Kendrick Lamar released his critically acclaimed song â€Å"The Blacker the Berry† in February 2015. ThisRead MoreRapper Kendrick Lamar : A Growing Minority Centered Culture993 Words   |  4 PagesCultural phenomenon, rapper Kendrick Lamar has embraced a growing minority centered culture in America through his album â€Å"To Pimp A butterfly† this album conveys themes of hardship for minorities and cultural uprising. One of the singles on this album â€Å"Alright† simply tells black audiences that with faith everything will be alright. He uses the Lyrics â€Å"Alls my life I has to fight, nigga .Alls my life I...Hard times like God. Bad trips like: â⠂¬ËœGod!’ Nazareth, I m fucked up..Homie you fucked up..ButRead MoreThe Blacker The Berry By Kendrick Lamar1025 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The Blacker the Berry† by Kendrick Lamar was released February 9th, 2015. This incredibly racially motivated song has created controversy throughout America because it tackles racism, hypocrisy, and hatred head on. Although Stephen Best argues that the past defines the present without question, and Hartman believes that many important African American stories have been silenced due to lack of evidence, Kendrick Lamar’s song â€Å"The Blacker the Berry† complicates and adds to their arguments by introducingRead MoreHip Hop Music And Its Effect On People1130 Words   |  5 Pageshumans, animals, and deities out there. Hip Hop is an awesome form of music. Hip Hop started off from poetry. Yes Langston Hughes would be known as a lyricist in today’s era. It was meant to express the troubles and sadness throughout t he lives of blacks. Hip Hop has went through it’s changed throughout time. As technology advanced Hip hop has also advanced â€Å"too an extent†. 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Hip hop was created on the condition that if the black culture and others could not get along for anything, when they heard the music it touched their soul and everyone could come together. There was a message that had to be revealed, where people could tell their story, when being a little violence inRead MoreHip Of Hip Hop Music1128 Words   |  5 Pageshumans, animals, and deities out there. Hip Hop is an awesome form of music. Hip Hop started off from poetry. Yes Langston Hughes would be known as a lyricist in today’s era. It was meant to express the troubles and sadness throughout the lives of blacks. Hip Hop has gone through it’s changed throughout time. As technology advanced Hip hop has also advanced â€Å"too an extent†. Usually the olde r generation, when hearing todays Hip hop music would say, â€Å"How do you listen to all this cursing and trashRead MoreComparison Between Modern Day Music And Langston Hughes And Paul Laurence Dunbar1478 Words   |  6 Pagesstyle created by African Americans. Present day rap artists, J Cole and Kendrick Lamar, are two rap artists who have revolutionized music and have become idolized by many African Americans. The two are known for discussing the reality of what it is like being a black man in today’s society. The poems of Hughes and Dunbar are very comparable to the songs of Cole and Lamar that discuss oppression, inequality, and hope within black Americans. Paul Lawrence Dunbar’s poem â€Å"Sympathy† is a symbolizationRead MoreEssay On Tupac1450 Words   |  6 Pages2017 Tupac Shakur   Ã‚  Ã‚   Tupac Shakur was born in Harlem, New York on June 16, 1971, as Lesane Parish Crooks. 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Role of Financial Institution in Economy Free Essays

Role of Banks and Financial Institutions in Economy Money lending in one form or the other has evolved along with the history of the mankind. Even in the ancient times there are references to the moneylenders. Shakespeare also referred to ‘Shylocks’ who made unreasonable demands in case the loans were not repaid in time along with interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Financial Institution in Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indian history is also replete with the instances referring to indigenous money lenders, Sahukars and Zamindars involved in the business of money lending by mortgaging the landed property of the borrowers. Towards the beginning of the twentieth century, with the onset of modern industry in the country, the need for government regulated banking system was felt. The British government began to pay attention towards the need for an organised banking sector in the country and Reserve Bank of India was set up to regulate the formal banking sector in the country. But the growth of modern banking remained slow mainly due to lack of surplus capital in the Indian economic system at that point of time. Modern banking institutions came up only in big cities and industrial centres. The rural areas, representing vast majority of Indian society, remained dependent on the indigenous money lenders for their credit needs. Independence of the country heralded a new era in the growth of modern banking. Many new commercial banks came up in various parts of the country. As the modern banking network grew, the government began to realise that the banking sector was catering only to the needs of the well-to-do and the capitalists. The interests of the poorer sections as well as those of the common man were being ignored. In 1969, Indian government took a historic decision to nationalise 14 biggest private commercial banks. A few more were nationalised after a couple of years. This resulted in transferring the ownership of these banks to the State and the Reserve Bank of India could then issue directions to these banks to fund the national programmes, the rural sector, the plan priorities and the priority sector at differential rate of interest. This resulted in providing fillip the banking facilities to the rural areas, to the under-privileged and the downtrodden. It also resulted in financial inclusion of all categories of people in almost all the regions of the country. However, after almost two decades of bank nationalisation some new issues became contextual. The service standards of the public sector banks began to decline. Their profitability came down and the efficiency of the staff became suspect. Non-performing assets of these banks began to rise. The wheel of time had turned a full circle by early nineties and the government after the introduction of structural and economic reforms in the financial sector, allowed the setting up of new banks in the private sector. The new generation private banks have now established themselves in the system and have set new standards of service and efficiency. These banks have also given tough but healthy competition to the public sector banks. Modern Day Role Banking system and the Financial Institutions play very significant role in the economy. First and foremost is in the form of catering to the need of credit for all the sections of society. The modern economies in the world have developed primarily by making best use of the credit availability in their systems. An efficient banking system must cater to the needs of high end investors by making available high amounts of capital for big projects in the industrial, infrastructure and service sectors. At the same time, the medium and small ventures must also have credit available to them for new investment and expansion of the existing units. Rural sector in a country like India can grow only if cheaper credit is available to the farmers for their short and medium term needs. Credit availability for infrastructure sector is also extremely important. The success of any financial system can be fathomed by finding out the availability of reliable and adequate credit for infrastructure projects. Fortunately, during the past about one decade there has been increased participation of the private sector in infrastructure projects. The banks and the financial institutions also cater to another important need of the society i. e. mopping up small savings at reasonable rates with several options. The common man has the option to park his savings under a few alternatives, including the small savings schemes introduced by the government from time to time and in bank deposits in the form of savings accounts, recurring deposits and time deposits. Another option is to invest in the stocks or mutual funds. In addition to the above traditional role, the banks and the financial institutions also perform certain new-age functions which could not be thought of a couple of decades ago. The facility of internet banking enables a consumer to access and operate his bank account without actually visiting the bank premises. The facility of ATMs and the credit/debit cards has revolutionised the choices available with the customers. The banks also serve as alternative gateways for making payments on account of income tax and online payment of various bills like the telephone, electricity and tax. The bank customers can also invest their funds in various stocks or mutual funds straight from their bank accounts. In the modern day economy, where people have no time to make these payments by standing in queue, the service provided by the banks is commendable. While the commercial banks cater to the banking needs of the people in the cities and towns, there is another category of banks that looks after the credit and banking needs of the people living in the rural areas, particularly the farmers. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) have been sponsored by many commercial banks in several States. These banks, along with the cooperative banks, take care of the farmer-specific needs of credit and other banking facilities. Future Till a few years ago, the government largely patro-nized the small savings schemes in which not only the interest rates were higher, but the income tax rebates and incentives were also in plenty. The bank deposits, on the other hand, did not entail such benefits. As a result, the small savings were the first choice of the investors. But for the last few years the trend has been reversed. The small savings, the bank deposits and the mutual funds have een brought at par for the purpose of incentives under the income tax. Moreover, the interest rates in the small savings schemes are no longer higher than those offered by the banks. Banks today are free to determine their interest rates within the given limits prescribed by the RBI. It is now easier for the banks to open new branches. But the banking sector reforms are still not complete. A lot more is requ ired to be done to revamp the public sector banks. Mergers and amalgamation is the next measure on the agenda of the government. The government is also preparing to disinvest some of its equity from the PSU banks. The option of allowing foreign direct investment beyond 50 per cent in the Indian banking sector has also been under consideration. Banks and financial intuitions have played major role in the economic development of the country and most of the credit- related schemes of the government to uplift the poorer and the under-privileged sections have been implemented through the banking sector. The role of the banks has been important, but it is going to be even more important in the future. How to cite Role of Financial Institution in Economy, Essay examples

46. Antibiotics Essay Example For Students

46. Antibiotics Essay Antibiotics are chemical compounds used to kill or inhibit the growth of infectious organisms. Originally the term antibiotic referred only to organic compounds, produced by bacteria or molds, that are toxic to other microorganisms. The term is now used loosely to include synthetic and semisynthetic organic compounds. Antibiotic refers generally to antibacterials; however, because the term is loosely defined, it is preferable to specify compounds as being antimalarials, antivirals, or antiprotozoals. All antibiotics share the property of selective toxicity: They are more toxic to an invading organism than they are to an animal or human host. Penicillin is the most well-known antibiotic and has been used to fight many infectious diseases, including syphilis, gonorrhea, tetanus, and scarlet fever. Another antibiotic, streptomycin, has been used to combat tuberculosis. Antibiotics can be classified in several ways. The most common method classifies them according to their action against the infecting organism. Some antibiotics attack the cell wall; some disrupt the cell membrane; and the majority inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, the polymers that make up the bacterial cell. Another method classifies antibiotics according to which bacterial strains they affect: staphylococcus, streptococcus, or Escherichia coli, for example. Antibiotics are also classified on the basis of chemical structure, as penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, or sulfonamides, among others. Most antibiotics act by selectively interfering with the synthesis of one of the large-molecule constituents of the cell?the cell wall or proteins or nucleic acids. Some, however, act by disrupting the cell membrane . Some important and clinically useful drugs interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the most important component of the cell wall. These drugs include the B-lactam antibiotics, which are classified according to chemical structure into penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. All these antibiotics contain a B-lactam ring as a critical part of their chemical structure, and they inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential part of the cell wall. They do not interfere with the synthesis of other intracellular components. The continuing buildup of materials inside the cell exerts ever greater pressure on the membrane, which is no longer properly supported by peptidoglycan. The membrane gives way, the cell contents leak out, and the bacterium dies. These antibi otics do not affect human cells because human cells do not have cell walls. Many antibiotics operate by inhibiting the synthesis of various intracellular bacterial molecules, including DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and proteins. The synthetic sulfonamides are among the antibiotics that indirectly interfere with nucleic acid synthesis. Nucleic-acid synthesis can also be stopped by antibiotics that inhibit the enzymes that assemble these polymers?for example, DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase. Examples of such antibiotics are actinomycin, rifamicin, and rifampicin, the last two being particularly valuable in the treatment of tuberculosis. The quinolone antibiotics inhibit synthesis of an enzyme responsible for the coiling and uncoiling of the chromosome, a process necessary for DNA replication and for transcription to messenger RNA. Some antibacterials affect the assembly of messenger RNA, thus causing its genetic message to be garbled. When these faulty messages are translated, the protein products are nonfunctional. There are also other mechanisms: The tetracyclines c ompete with incoming transfer-RNA molecules; the aminoglycosides cause the genetic message to be misread and a defective protein to be produced; chloramphenicol prevents the linking of amino acids to the growing protein; and puromycin causes the protein chain to terminate prematurely, releasing an incomplete protein.